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27
2022
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09
Review of Frontier Research on Science and Technology Policy in the New Era (Part II)
In order to explore the frontier issues of science and technology policy research in the new period,26 June 2022, Sponsored by the Academic Exchange Working Committee of the China Science and Technology Policy Research Association and undertaken by the Science and Technology Policy Professional CommitteeSymposium on the Frontier of Science and Technology Policy in the New Era''Held online, from the Institute of Science and Technology Strategy Consulting of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing Normal University, Fudan University, China Academy of Science and Technology Development Strategy, East China Normal University, Peking University, National Evaluation Center, Shanghai Institute of Science, Shanghai Science and Technology 20 representatives from domestic and foreign universities including the Policy Research Institute, Nanjing University of Information Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Central South Institute of Technology, and East Washington University attended the meeting.
The seminar was presided over by Fan Chunliang, deputy director of the Academic Exchange Working Committee of the Research Association, director of the Science and Technology Policy Committee, and researcher of the Institute of Science and Technology Strategy Consulting of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He pointed out that the purpose of this conference is to develop science and technology in China under the new domestic and international situation. Some challenges and policy hot issues facing the development are fully discussed, and how to better play the role of academia in the practice of science and technology policy.
Zheng Yonghe, Professor of Beijing Normal Universitymade a report entitled"Science and Technology Policy Researcher's Perspective: Research on Science Education System"The report. Zheng Yonghe pointed out that the purpose of education is not only to learn knowledge, but also to shape a way of thinking. Correspondingly, humanistic education emphasizes the individual's own value and moral perfection, while science education highlights the individual's objective understanding of the external world and the dynamic process of knowledge discovery. The basic goal of science education in the basic education stage is to impart scientific knowledge to students, which is also what the teaching materials and curriculum standards are doing. What we hope now is that science education can be deeper and more effective in the stage of basic education. The important thing is to master scientific methods and better face the uncertain future. Zheng Yonghe introduced that the Institute of Science and Education and the Basic Education Teaching Guidance Committee of the Ministry of Education recently conducted a survey of primary school science education. This is currently the largest survey of domestic primary school science teachers with the largest scale, the largest number of regions, and the richest content. Several conclusions have been drawn: First, the proportion of primary school science teachers with a science background is too low, and non-science background primary school science teachers account for more than 70%; second, the proportion of part-time primary school science teachers is too high, exceeding 70%. Third, the lack of professional practical ability of primary school science teachers is mainly reflected in the application of information technology, interdisciplinary and problem solving, and inquiry-based teaching. These aspects are the key to cultivating scientific literacy and the professional quality of teachers who cultivate scientific thinking methods and scientific spirit. Fourth, experimental teaching is seriously insufficient, with 17% of primary schools without laboratories, 56% of the schools have only one laboratory, the support of laboratory staff is seriously insufficient, and the experimental teaching is in vain. Fifth, the collaborative training of primary school science teachers is insufficient. The above situation is worrying. Zheng Yonghe pointed out that at different stages of education, the science education system has different structures. In compulsory education, the scientific community was rarely involved in the past. At present, the main forms of science education and thinking culture of primary and secondary school students in the compulsory education stage focus on the memory, understanding and simple application of low-level thinking. However, for the advanced level of science education in foreign countries, the evaluation index pays more attention to the cultivation of higher-order thinking, such as analysis, evaluation, innovation, etc., and has higher requirements for the cultivation of higher-order thinking. Our science education in primary and secondary schools and even in universities is basically knowledge-oriented, which is more suitable for the era of tracking and following social development. It is a kind of education arrangement guided by social equity and maintaining social order and stability, and the arrangement of innovative education is insufficient. China's college entrance students are not bad, but the innovation stamina is insufficient, reflecting the development of higher-order thinking skills too late. On the whole, the lack of high-order thinking training of young people in China is actually a very basic and important problem in science education. Judging from the general situation, because of the competition between China and the United States, the large-scale return of top talents has basically ended. In another five years, this situation may become more obvious. Therefore, the independent training of top scientific and technological innovation talents under the strategy of scientific and technological self-reliance has become A very important issue. The so-called Qian Xuesen's question, why our universities are always unable to produce outstanding talents, the core is that scientific education has not been carried out in accordance with the mode of training innovative talents, and knowledge-centered education has no essential demand for the growth of innovative talents. Zheng Yonghe pointed out: at present, China pays too little attention to science education, especially basic education, does not have the support of basic research in science education, and there are few strategic arrangements, and the state does not pay enough attention to it. Western developed countries are very perfect in terms of national strategies, laws, action plans and funding systems. They regard science education as a very core content and deploy it from the perspective of national security. The two science education reforms in the United States have very strong support at the national level. In 1945, the US Bush report "Science-Endless Frontier" proposed that when transferring national defense research to a prosperous economy and prosperous industry, it not only proposed to have innovative ideas, but also to cultivate a large number of scientists. Therefore, when the National Science Foundation (NSF) was established, it not only supported basic research, but also regarded science education as an important part of funding, until now, they still have about one billion US dollars in scientific education research funding every year. This system and model have played a very good role in the emergence of innovative talents and how to use advanced education models to cultivate talents. Another example is the Japan Science and Technology Promotion Agency (JST), which funds educational research by supporting scientific and technological Senior high school. This deployment is also very characteristic. Our education and science and technology systems are not integrated enough. Now it is urgent to incorporate science education in primary and secondary schools into the entire chain of scientific and technological innovation talent training in the scientific and technological circles, and make policy arrangements as the forefront of the innovative talent training chain. Youth science and technology education is not a task that the education sector can accomplish alone, because our primary and secondary school teachers have no scientific research experience as a whole, and it is difficult to form a complete understanding of scientific literacy, which requires the support of our scientific and technological community. Science and technology policy researchers can also play an important role in this system. In terms of top-level design, they can participate in the design of national science education goals from the perspective of science and technology policy, and design conditions for the healthy development of the science education system in the middle level. A large number of creative work in the construction of science education system requires science and technology policy researchers to play an important role.
Professor Tang Li, Fudan UniversityThe preliminary exploration of his team on the topic of international scientific research cooperation and talent exchange in recent years is entitled 《International flights, scientific research cooperation and talent flowof the report. The report takes the international flights between China and the United States as the starting point to explore the impact of exchanges between China and the United States on international cooperation and talent flow. The report studies two questions: first, whether direct international flights as infrastructure have promoted high-quality international scientific research cooperation between China and the United States, and second, whether changes in diplomatic relations between the two countries have affected the flow of personnel between the two countries, especially in the field of science and education. In the research design, the first question, taking the output of highly cited international papers in China's regional cities as the unit of analysis, takes the double differential regression to analyze whether the high-impact research results of Sino-US cooperation between China and the United States have a positive incentive effect, and whether there is a regional bias in its impact. The multi-data used include highly cited scientific research output, data on direct flights between China and the United States from the U.S. Department of Transportation, and a yearbook of some development data indicators for Chinese cities. The study found that: First, the direct flight between China and the United States has promoted the high-impact knowledge output between China and the United States, but the impact is heterogeneous; the effect is more obvious in cities with less human capital. Second, the study does not find that the opening of direct flights between China and the United States has a crowding-out effect on China's domestic cooperation and China's international cooperation with other countries. The study supports and extends the previous theoretical framework on the important role of face-to-face interaction for international cooperation, providing new empirical evidence for attention distribution theory. Taking the deterioration of U. S.-China relations in 2018 as a policy shock, the second research question in design turned its attention to the number of passengers arriving in the U.S. by global shipping, and the unit of analysis was the monthly passenger flow at U.S. international airports, which defined the nature of travel to the U.S. through tourism and university characteristics within a certain radius of the airport. Empirical studies using triple-difference fixed-effect modeling have found that, controlling for other influences, the decrease in the number of Chinese visitors to the U.S. since 2018 has been significantly higher than the number of visitors from other countries. The study suggests that the destruction of the political climate between China and the United States has been extended to the field of scientific and educational exchanges between the two countries, which has far-reaching implications and urgently requires the resumption and dual-track interaction of international scientific and educational exchanges at both the national and private levels.
The participants had a lively discussion on the theme of the above report and related issues, and put forward some new ideas. To sum up, there are the following aspects:
About the national plan.In terms of talent plan, the National Natural Science Foundation of China Outstanding Youth Fund is relatively successful, but the title of the plan should be terminated after the plan is completed. Talent incentive should adopt the method of honor, do not make a talent hat, become a tool to flaunt talent. Secondly, many science-oriented problems can be solved by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, but the task-oriented, engineering technology and science-oriented problems still need to be solved by the national major task-oriented plan, and the organization and management of the project needs to be solved. change. This is a question that needs to be explored in the new national system.
Basic research inputs. In recent years, the academic circles have been discussing whether China's investment intensity in basic research is obviously insufficient. Should we study the best or better intensity of basic research. However, when the volume reaches a certain level, the absolute number is actually very illustrative. Academic circles often compare the investment in basic research between China and the United States, or between China and major western countries. However, the basic research in China's statistical caliber is not the same as that in the western caliber, which is also an element that should be considered.
The role of local government in basic research.Local governments now play an important role in the development of science and technology in China. Local governments actually have three major dilemmas in their investment in basic research. The first dilemma is the strong externality of basic research itself, and there is a contradiction between the boundary of a policy field of local governments. The second dilemma is the contradiction between short-term government tenure and long-term investment, especially in the current situation of declining economic growth, now many local fiscal pressures are relatively high, and the enthusiasm for a long-term investment has declined. The third contradiction is the contradiction between the "ex ante" assessment mechanism of financial performance and basic research. In the case of these three dilemmas, although basic research is being strengthened from top to bottom, how to increase local government investment in basic research is still a difficult problem. In the actual situation, in the process of policy operation, local governments have made great efforts to change basic research into stuck neck technology and "technology substitution". In the future, there may be three ways to strengthen the investment of local governments in basic research: first, in terms of layout, some functions of basic research should be laid out in economically developed cities, because cities in economically developed cities are better built. at the same time, its talent gathering ability is also relatively strong, so the use of its urban function and talent gathering function can support a certain degree of basic research. Second, in terms of financial investment, with the joint investment of the central and local governments, the local financial investment is used and evaluated by the central government as a whole. Third, the investment in basic research should be placed in those cities with industrial foundation and certain ability of applied basic research and applied research, so as to realize a better linkage between basic research, applied research and industrial demand.
about science education.Science teachers cannot be provided solely by teacher education. The common practice in the world is to allow science and engineering graduates to enter the team according to certain qualifications. Therefore, science teachers are not a problem. The key issue is to invigorate the policy. The core issue is how to cultivate children's interest. Science education needs an inclusive and even free culture to cultivate students' interest in science, so that students can explore science according to their own curiosity, and cultivate students' free, active and complete personality in this process. This aspect of the current education policy is not able to meet. In science education, we need to strengthen the hardware and knowledge, but some deeper aspects also need attention.
The relationship between administration and academics.Administrative and academic should be properly separated. The reform of the hat has been called for for many years, but some aspects have not been greatly improved. Recently, in the process of changing the presidents of a number of colleges and universities, especially local colleges, it is a common phenomenon that the presidents are all academicians. In the selection process of administrative leaders, some external labels are used as important criteria, which has some negative effects on the atmosphere of basic research and the formation of the culture of everyone's dedicated research. Especially now that the tendency of administration is becoming more and more serious, mixing the boundary between academic and political, academic and administrative will have certain negative consequences.
Science and technology policy research.It is necessary to strengthen research in three aspects. First, strengthen systematic and holistic research, especially research that links science and technology, education and talents; second, strengthen bottom-up research on issues based on policy practice; Third, it must serve local policy needs.
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