In order to commemorate the 40th anniversary of China's reform and opening up, the "Symposium on the Reform and Development of China's Science and Technology system in the past 40 years of Reform and opening up and the 2018 meeting of the Science and Technology Policy Professional Committee" jointly sponsored by the Science and Technology Policy Professional Committee of the China Science and Technology Policy Research Association and the editorial department of Science and Technology and Science and Technology Management was held at the Tianjin Institute of Science and Technology on June 23, 2018. From the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua University, China Academy of Science and Technology Strategy, Fudan University, Beijing Normal University, Northeastern University, Fuzhou University, Dalian University of Technology, Xidian University, China Association for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Science and Technology Policy More than 40 experts and scholars from the Institute and the National Science and Technology Evaluation Center attended the meeting. Experts at the meeting discussed the achievements, main experiences and future development of China's scientific and technological system reform since the reform and opening up.
 

Researcher Li Chuncheng, director of the Tianjin Institute of Science, pointed out in his speech at the meeting that the 40-year reform of the scientific and technological system is not only consistent with the internal logic of the reform of scientific and technological innovation itself, but also with the development process of China's modernization and the reform and development of the economic system. The environment is closely linked. The reform of the scientific and technological system should be viewed in the overall context of China's reform and opening up, in the 40 years of reform and opening up from 1978 to 2018, and in the longer development period of 2020 or even 2050. Li Chuncheng pointed out that from the reform and opening up in 1978 to the establishment of a prosperous, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful modern socialist country in the middle of this century, China's scientific and technological reform and opening up can be divided into two periods and four stages: the first period (1978-2005) is the period when the old scientific and technological system is "broken" and the new scientific and technological system is "established", that is, breaking the old planned economic system that is not suitable for the development of scientific and, the period of forming a new system and mechanism of science and technology that meets the requirements of the socialist market economic system. This period includes two stages, from 1978 to 1992, the stage of breaking the old concept, that is, emancipating the mind, restoring the normal order of scientific research and production, changing the concept of scientific and technological development, and reforming the internal operation mechanism of the scientific and technological system. The second stage, from 1992 to 2005, broke the old scientific and technological system stage under the planned economic system and established a scientific and technological system and mechanism compatible with the market economic system. The second period (2006-2050) is the period when the national innovation system is "established" and "strong". It focuses on building a new national science and technology system and innovation capability that meets the requirements of the developed market economy system and the construction of modern China, including two stages. The first stage is from 2006 to 2020, To establish a national innovation system that meets the needs of the development of a well-off society in an all-round way and is compatible with an innovative country, China. In the second stage, from 2021 to the middle of the world, we will establish scientific and technological innovation capabilities that are compatible with the modern economic system, the modernization of national defense, and the construction of a harmonious society. Li Chuncheng summed up the experience of 40 years of scientific and technological reform and opening up, and pointed out that there are three key words that need to be emphasized in the future practice of scientific and technological reform and opening up: "ideological emancipation", "invigorating" and "opening up to the outside world".

Professor Li Zhengfeng of the Academy of Social Sciences of Tsinghua University delivered a keynote report entitled "the reform of the institutional basis of China's scientific and technological innovation system -- course, significance and challenges. Li Zhengfeng pointed out that in the 40 years of reform and opening up, it is necessary to deeply understand the process and trend of the institutional foundation of the scientific and technological innovation system, so as to summarize and inherit and carry forward the historical experience formed by the 40 years of hard exploration of reform and opening up, understand the current challenges facing China's scientific and technological innovation system, and grasp the direction of the reform of China's scientific and technological innovation system in the future. Li Zhengfeng believes that a deeper understanding of the plan and market as the basis of the system is needed. He divided the development of China's scientific and technological innovation into three basic stages since the founding of the People's Republic of China: the scientific and technological innovation system under the planning system (1949-1978), the reconstruction of the scientific and technological innovation system and the reform within the planning system (1978-1994) and the exploration of the scientific and technological innovation system under the socialist market system (1995-present), and analyzed the connotation of each stage, the driving force of stage transformation and the interaction between stages, pointing out the significance of profound changes in the foundations of China's social system. Li Zhengfeng pointed out: on the whole, China's scientific and technological innovation system has not got rid of the situation in which the government allocates resources in a "planned" way, and the understanding of the inherent spirit of the market system and the law of scientific and technological development needs to be constantly deepened. The main challenges of deepening reform are: preventing the return of the system; enhancing the ability to continue to explore new paths; fully understanding the spirit of the market system and shaping the innovation ecosystem.
 

In the seminar, 15 scholars made special reports on the reform of science and technology system and related issues. The main topics are: the internal logic and development of China's science and technology system reform; the theoretical exploration of China's science and technology system reform; opening up and international science and technology cooperation; China's industrial technology Innovation policy and enterprise innovation policy; policy text analysis; local reform experience; China's science and technology infrastructure platform construction; State key laboratory construction; national Natural Science Foundation International Assessment, etc.

Professor Sun Yutao from the Department of Management and Economics of Dalian University of Technology discussed "the logic of China's scientific and technological system reform in the past 40 years of reform and opening up", proposed a theoretical framework for institutional change, institutional learning and institutional conflict, and investigated institutional learning and institutional conflict in the reform of the scientific and technological system. He pointed out that the Chinese logic of scientific and technological system reform is: government-led, science and economy combined, regional competition and independent consciousness. Professor Liu Li from the School of Marxism at Tsinghua University evaluated the achievements of China's scientific and technological system reform from the macro, meso and micro levels. He pointed out that in the past five years, the coordination of science and technology management at the macro level in China has improved, and the construction of the National Science and Technology Advisory Committee should be steadily promoted; the reform and improvement of the national science and technology planning system at the meso level has achieved results, and the investment time of scientific research projects should be "capped"; the evaluation of talents at the micro level has been improved, and the "hat" should be canceled in the discipline evaluation and "double first-class" evaluation ". Associate researcher Sui Jigang of the Institute of Science and Technology Strategy Consulting of the Chinese Academy of Sciences inspected the theory of the national innovation system and its application in the reform of China's science and technology system, and pointed out that the theory was missing in the early stage of the reform of the science and technology system, and the theory of the national innovation system helped China's science and technology system reform to better understand science and technology. The direction of innovation mechanism and law changes thinking. Fan Chunliang, a researcher at the Institute of Science and Technology Strategic Consulting of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, inspected the role of opening up and international cooperation in helping China's scientific progress. He pointed out that China's reform is linked to opening up. Opening to the outside world is undoubtedly an important factor in promoting reform, and it also provides a new understanding of reform. Through specific cases, Fan Chunliang analyzed the promotion of opening up and international cooperation to Chinese science from four aspects: scientific research and development, institutional learning, introduction and adoption of ideas, and joining international organizations and plans. It is pointed out that in the future, Chinese science needs to be deeply involved in international cooperation. Establish an international spirit and make further efforts in investment and environmental construction.
 

Associate Professor Liang Zheng of the School of Public Administration of Tsinghua University discussed the innovation and development of China's industrial science and technology in the past 40 years. He divided the course of China's industrial science and technology innovation and development in the past 40 years of reform and opening up into the following four stages: technology introduction (1979-1998); development High-tech (1999-2004); Independent innovation (2005-2011); Innovation-driven development (2012-2018). Liang Zheng made a comparative analysis of the telecommunications/semiconductor industry, high-speed rail/automobile industry, Internet/new energy vehicles and other six major industries in three groups, revealing that the key to the success of the latecomer countries to catch up is not the external acquisition of technology, but the local innovation subject's own ability to build this objective law. Liang Zheng pointed out that in the process of formulating and implementing various industrial science and technology innovation policies, China should fully consider how to promote the capacity building of local innovation entities, rather than simply promoting technology introduction. No matter what kind of industry, the real core technology can only be truly mastered in the front-line innovation practice through the innovation subject of the country. The various capabilities formed in this process (such as absorptive capacity, technological capability, innovation capability, etc.) are the key to the invincible position of Chinese enterprises in the future international competition. Researcher Li Zhe of the China Academy of Science and Technology Strategy discussed the issue of the allocation of scientific and technological knowledge for enterprises since the reform of the scientific and technological system. He divided the policy evolution for enterprise allocation into four stages:(1) the preparation period for the reform of science and technology system (1978-1985);(2) for the first time put forward that "science and technology are the primary productive forces (1985-1995);(3) the proposal and implementation of the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education (1995-2006);(4) the" innovation driven development strategy "(2012-present), and the characteristics of knowledge allocation to enterprises in each period are analyzed. Li Zhe pointed out that there are several new trends in the innovation of Chinese enterprises: from the three key indicators of research and experimental development investment, research and experimental development personnel, and patent application authorization, the dominant position of enterprises in technological innovation has been continuously strengthened; the number of small, medium and micro enterprises in my country has increased significantly, The demand for innovation has greatly increased. Many technology-based enterprises have established research and development institutions such as enterprise laboratories, enterprise technology centers, and engineering technology research centers; the scale of R & D investment of some enterprises has entered the "first group"; the late-comer advantage of enterprises gradually entering the "no man's land" of innovation has gradually disappeared, and the cost of trial and error has increased significantly, which will face challenges in internal management, external environment and other aspects; the process of enterprise globalization has accelerated, and the international knowledge allocation has increased significantly. However, the new problems faced by Chinese enterprises in technological innovation, Chinese enterprises still lags behind innovative countries in terms of R & D investment efficiency, international competitiveness, and high-tech dependence on foreign countries. Some new problems have become the shackles that restrict Chinese enterprises from "going out. The future policy should face three aspects: to provide more convenient conditions for the internationalization of enterprise innovation; to create a good environment for the allocation of innovative resources for enterprises; to strengthen the supply of public science and technology and optimize the structure of government investment.

Professor Du Baogui from the Science and Technology Policy Research Center of Northeastern University discussed the analysis of China's scientific and technological achievements transformation policy system, and constructed the framework of scientific and technological achievements transformation policy system from three dimensions of policy process system, policy content system and policy organization system. All the policy texts of scientific and technological achievements transformation promulgated by the CPC Central Committee, the State Council, ministries and commissions from 1987 to 2017 were selected according to three stages: exploration stage (1978-1995), the development stage (1996-2014) and the improvement stage (2015-present) are analyzed, and the different characteristics of each stage are summarized. The report puts forward policy recommendations from the dynamic adjustment of the content system, the precise implementation of the process system, and the organic coordination of the organizational system. Wang Fang, School of Economics and Management, Xidian University, discusses the evolution of Chinese enterprises' technological innovation policies. Based on grounded theory and weighted co-word analysis, his report studied 239 original texts of China's enterprise technological innovation policies from 1995 to 2017, and obtained some regular understandings, mainly as follows: with the change of Chinese enterprise technological innovation strategy, its policy system has developed more and more comprehensively, but there is a lack of coordination between policy concerns; the construction of innovative talent team is becoming more and more perfect, but it has not been paid attention, the connotation that the enterprise is the subject of technological innovation has changed. The transformation and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements are gradually becoming a system. Accordingly, the report puts forward several targeted policy recommendations.
 

Dr. Liu Xiaoling of Shanghai Academy of Sciences discussed the reform of China's science and technology system and mechanism by taking the evolution of Shanghai scientific research institutes as an example. She divided the reform of Chinese scientific research institutes into three stages: the first stage was from March 1985 to the early 1990 s. The main feature of the reform was to change the operating mechanism of government research institutions, and the main reform measure was the reform of the science and technology funding system. The second stage is from the mid-1990s to 2006. The reform measure is to "stabilize one end and let go". By the end of 2003, a total of 1149 research institutions had been transformed and classified management had been implemented. The third stage is from 2006 to the present. The characteristic is that the local academy of sciences has begun different forms of reform, and various new scientific research institutions outside the system and mixed system have emerged. Through the analysis of a large number of examples, she shows that the reform and diversification of scientific research institutes is a process that has already begun and will be further developed. The traditional mode of operation has not completely disappeared, and the new mode of operation is not a complete negation of the old mode of operation, but a large degree of inheritance and transcendence of the traditional mode of operation. Associate researcher Gu Lingli of Shanghai Science and Technology Policy Institute introduced the evolution and typical case studies of Shanghai's science and technology innovation policy in the past 40 years of reform and opening up. This research builds a 1978-2018 Shanghai science and technology innovation policy database, collects and sorts out historical materials of Shanghai's science and technology innovation policy from 1978 to 2018, analyzes the path law and current system construction of Shanghai's science and technology innovation policy in the past 40 years, and puts forward development suggestions.
 

Professor Liu Yun from the School of Public Policy and Management of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences discussed the evolution of the national science and technology innovation base and the policy of conditional guarantee capacity building. He pointed out that the National Medium and Long-term Science and Technology Development Plan (2006-2020) stipulates the strategic role and main tasks of the basic conditions platform. The deployment and implementation of the Plan Outline and related plans show that the national science and technology innovation base and conditions guarantee Great achievements have been made in capacity building, which has significantly improved the national science and technology basic capabilities, and provided strong support for national science and technology plans, major scientific research activities and major project construction. Liu Yun analyzed the existing problems and put forward suggestions for improvement. Yang Fangjuan, a postdoctoral fellow at the School of Public Administration of Tsinghua University, discussed the development status and construction results of the State Key Laboratory. She reviewed the development process of the State Key Laboratory, sorted out its management mode and operation mechanism, analyzed the construction and layout characteristics of the State Key Laboratory, summarized the operation and development of its evaluation system, and finally analyzed its scientific research output capacity and innovation cooperation mode based on the paper output of the State Key Laboratory. Zheng Yonghe, professor of the Department of Education of Beijing Normal University and former director of the Policy Bureau of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, reviewed and thought about the international evaluation of the National Natural Science Foundation from 2008 to 2011. He introduced the background and organizational process of the international assessment, introduced and analyzed in detail the various elements of the assessment: the object of the assessment, the purpose of the assessment, the content and scope of the assessment, the assessment model and organization, the assessment process and the assessment method, and analyzed the role of each role in the implementation phase of the assessment and the assessment output, and summarized the assessment experience. Zheng Yonghe pointed out that this assessment is a model of assessment, reflecting and condensing social consensus, having a positive social impact, and providing reference and experience for future assessments.

Qiao Li Li, a postdoctoral fellow at the Strategic Research Institute of the China Association for Science and Technology, introduced the comprehensive innovation and reform experiment. Professor Tang Li from the School of International Relations and Public Affairs Management of Fudan University introduced an empirical study on the catalytic effect of international mobility on the career development of scientists.

The participants had a lively discussion on the reports of the speakers.

Finally, researcher Fan Chunliang, director of the Science and Technology Policy Professional Committee of the Chinese Society of Science and Technology Policy, summarized the meeting. He pointed out that the reform of the science and technology system should be viewed from three aspects: First, from a vertical perspective, review history and look to the future. People's understanding of the reform of science and technology system is a process of deepening. Usually we regard the reform of the science and technology system as starting in 1985, because the first decision document on the reform of the science and technology system was issued in 1985. But in fact, the reform of the science and technology system has already begun with the reform of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee in 1978, such as the establishment of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Fund (1981) and the establishment of the National Science and Technology Research Program (1982). There are fundamental differences between the system. The goal of the reform of the scientific and technological system is also constantly moving forward. One of the main goals of the reform of the scientific and technological system in 1985 was to promote the combination of science and technology and the economy. From today's point of view, this goal is not enough. The reform of science and technology system should provide strong support for the construction of innovative country and science and technology power. Therefore, the reform of the science and technology system should look to the future and combine reform with development. Second, the reform of the science and technology system depends on the institutional foundation and support behind it. In the country's social and economic development, the scientific and technological system is not native, but depends on the economic system and political system, and the reform of the scientific and technological system depends to a considerable extent on the reform of the economic system and the reform of the administrative system. When the economic system is still in the transition period to the market system, under the condition that the market subject and the market mechanism are not perfect, the direction and pace of the reform of the scientific and technological system are bound to be affected. Third, the reform of the science and technology system should be looked at in detail, not only to grasp the direction and context of the reform of the national science and technology system from a macro perspective, but also to look at the actual operation of industries, localities, fields, and research organizations. Therefore, the research on the reform of the scientific and technological system should open up its horizons, grasp various topics, and not be limited to a certain direction or a certain point; it is necessary to strengthen theoretical research, learn from the theories of economics and other social sciences; strengthen methodological research, adhere to While traditional historical analysis, practical research, case studies and international comparisons, strengthen empirical and quantitative research.
Having forged ahead, forge ahead. This seminar on the reform of the scientific and technological system is a new beginning of research, not the end. To continue to carry out in-depth research. The success and experience of the reform and development of China's science and technology system in the past 40 years of reform and opening up is a valuable asset for the development of China's science and technology.

(Fan Chunliang writing)